is
any category of literature, music or other forms of
art or entertainment, whether written or spoken, audio or visual, based
on some set of stylistic criteria. Genres form by conventions that change over
time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones is discontinued. Often,
works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these
conventions.
●Tragedy: a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in
audiences.
●Tragedians:
a. Aeschylus: was an ancient Greek tragedian. He is also the first whose plays still survive; the others
are Sophocles and Euripides. He is often described as the father of tragedy: critics and
scholars' knowledge of the genre begins with his work, and understanding of
earlier tragedies is largely based on inferences from his surviving plays. Aeschylus entered many of these competitions in his
lifetime, and various ancient sources attribute between seventy and ninety
plays to him. Only seven tragedies have survived intact: The
Persians, Seven against Thebes, The Suppliants, the trilogy known as The
Oresteia, consisting of the three tragedies Agamemnon, The Libation
Bearers and The Eumenides.
b. Sophocles: is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His
first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with
those of Euripides. Sophocles wrote
120 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a
complete form: Ajax, Antigone, The Women of
Trachis, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus.
c. Euripides: Euripides is identified with theatrical
innovations that have profoundly influenced drama down to modern times,
especially in the representation of traditional, mythical heroes as ordinary
people in extraordinary circumstances. He was also unique among the writers of ancient Athens for the sympathy he
demonstrated towards all victims of society, including women. His conservative
male audiences were frequently shocked by the 'heresies' he put into the mouths
of characters, such as these words of his heroine Medea
●Dionysia- was a large festival in
ancient Athens in honor of the god Dionysus, the central events of which
were the theatrical performances of dramatic tragedies and,
from 487 BC, comedies. It was the second-most important festival
after the Panathenaia. The Dionysia actually consisted of two
related festivals, the Rural Dionysia and the City
Dionysia, which took place in different parts of the year.
It was
an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian
League led by Sparta. Historians
have traditionally divided the war into three phases.
In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated
invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid
the coast of the Peloponnese attempting to suppress signs of unrest in its
empire.
This ushered in the final phase of the war,
generally referred to either as the Decelean War,
or the Ionian War. In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from Persia,
supported rebellions in Athens' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia,
undermining Athens' empire, and, eventually, depriving the city of naval
supremacy.
沒有留言:
張貼留言