Topic: Chap 10~12
●auto-:"self;move"
autonomy-
1)the freedom for a country, a region or an organization to govern itself independently
→a campaign in Wales for greater autonomy
2)the ability to act and make decisions without being controlled by anyone else
→giving individuals greater autonomy in their own lives
autocracy(-cracy: govern)-a system of government of a country in which one person has complete power
autobiography
→In his autobiography, he recalls the poverty he grew up in.
●-cracy:"govern"
democracy(demo-:show me what you get)-a system of government in which all the people of a country can vote to elect their representatives; fair and equal treatment of everyone in an organization, etc., and their right to take part in making decisions
→parliamentary democracy/the fight for justice and democracy
bureaucracy-
1)the system of official rules and ways of doing things that a government or an organization has, especially when these seem to be too complicated
→unnecessary/excessive bureaucracy
2)a system of government in which there are a large number of state officials who are not elected; a country with such a system
→the power of the state bureaucracy
autocracy
●uni-:"one"
unicorn
uniform
union-an organization of workers, usually in a particular industry, that exists to protect their interests, improve conditions of work, etc.
c.f. on strike→We are on strike.
unique
unison-together; at the same time
1)If people do or say something in unison, they all do it at the same time.
2)If people or organizations are working in unison, they are working together, because they agree with each other.
→My feelings are in union with yours.
3)(music) If singers or musicians sing or play in unison, they sing or play notes at the same pitch or at one or more octaves apart.
●ad-:"move forward"
advance→advanced course
advantage
adventure
advocate[supporter]-a person who supports or speaks in favour of somebody or of a public plan or action
→an advocate for hospital workers
c.f. mandate[authority]-
1)the authority to do something, given to a government or other organization by the people who vote for it in an election
→The election victory gave the party a clear mandate to continue its programme of reform.
2)the period of time for which a government is given power
→The presidential mandate is limited to two terms of four years each.
3)an official order given to somebody to perform a particular task
→The bank had no mandate to honour the cheque.
●-clude:"to close, shut"
exclude(ex-:out of)-to deliberately not include something in what you are doing or considering;to prevent somebody/something from entering a place or taking part in something
→The cost of borrowing has been excluded from the inflation figures.
→Women are still excluded from some London clubs./She felt excluded by the other girls (= they did not let her join in what they were doing).
c.f. reject- "throw away, cast away, vomit" -refuse to accept or consider something
→When she was sent to boarding school, she felt as though her parents had rejected her.
c.f. ostracize- to avoid someone intentionally or to prevent them from taking part in the activities of a group
→He was ostracized by his colleagues for refusing to support the strike.
include
seclude(se-:apart)
→seclude yourself/somebody (from somebody/something)-to keep yourself/somebody away from contact with other people:
→She spent the morning secluded in her office.
→The monks secluded themselves from the rest of society.
●se-:"apart"
segregate-
1)to keep one group of people apart from another and treat them differently, especially because of race or sex
→Blacks were segregated from whites in every area of life.
2)to keep one thing separate from another
→In all our restaurants, smoking and non-smoking areas are segregated from each other.
separate-
1)forming a unit by itself; not joined to something else
2)different; not connected
→Raw meat must be kept separate from cooked meat.
→It happened on three separate occasions.
select
●-serve:"to keep, save, preserve, protect"
reserve-
1)to ask for a seat, table, room, etc. to be available for you or somebody else at a future time
→I'd like to reserve a table for three for eight o'clock.
2)to keep something for somebody/something, so that it cannot be used by any other person or for any other reason
→I’d prefer to reserve (my) judgement (= not make a decision) until I know all the facts.
3)to have or keep a particular power
→(law) All rights reserved (= nobody else can publish or copy this).
conserve-
1)use as little of something as possible so that it lasts a long time
→Help to conserve energy by insulating your home.
2)protect something and prevent it from being changed or destroyed
→new laws to conserve wildlife in the area
preserve-
1) to keep a particular quality , feature, etc.; to make sure that something is kept
→She managed to preserve her sense of humour under very trying circumstances.
2)[often passive] to keep something in its original state in good condition
→Is he really 60? He's remarkably well preserved.
3)to prevent something, especially food, from decaying by treating it in a particular way
→olives preserved in brine
4)to keep somebody/something alive, or safe from harm or danger
→The society was set up to preserve endangered species from extinction.
deserve-"serve well"→"be worthy of"
●-tive: a noun form
representative
preservative-a substance used to prevent food or wood from decaying
→The juice contains no artificial preservatives.
alternative(alter-: change)-"one of the options/choices"-a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities
→alternative current(A.C)
→We had no alternative but to fire Gibson.
→She's kind of an alternative.(她還不錯)
c.f. recourse-the fact of having to, or being able to, use something that can provide help in a difficult situation
→Your only recourse is legal action.
→She made a complete recovery without recourse to surgery.
c.f. alternation-
1)the fact of two things following one after the other in a repeated pattern
→the alternation of day and night
→party alternation
2)the act of changing from one thing to another and back again
→Such rapid alternations of mood are a feature of her writing.
c.f. switch-
1)a small device that you press or move up and down in order to turn a light or piece of electrical equipment on and off
→an on-off switch/That was in the days before electricity was availableat the flick of a switch.
2)a change from one thing to another, especially when this is sudden and complete
→She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was born.
c.f. rotation-
1)to move or turn around a central fixed point; to make something do this
→winds rotating around the eye of a hurricane/Rotate the wheel through 180 degrees.
2)if a job rotates, or if people rotate a job, they regularly change the job or regularly change who does the job
→We rotate the night shift so no one has to do it all the time.
●-en:a verb form
deepen
threaten
widen
strengthen
●-al:a noun form
approval
removal
arrival
refusal
●utopian(a.)-having a strong belief that everything can be perfect, often in a way that does not seem to be realistic or practical
→a utopian society
utopia(n.)- a work of fiction and political philosophy by Thomas More(1478–1535) published in 1516 in Latin. The book is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs.Utopia gave rise to a literary genre, Utopian anddystopian fiction, which features ideal societies or perfect cities, or their opposite.
The utopia and its offshoot, the dystopia, aregenres of literature that explore social and political structures.
Utopian fiction is the creation of an ideal society, or utopia, as the setting for a novel.
Dystopian fiction (sometimes combined with, but distinct from apocalyptic literature) is the opposite: creation of an utterly horrible or degraded society that is generally headed to an irreversible oblivion, or dystopia.
ex, Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World, George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four,or Divergent, The Maze Runner,and Gulliver's Travels.
ex, The devil's advocate(反基督)↓
●-labor:"to work"
collaborate(col;con- :with;together)-"work together"
elaborate-very complicated and detailed; carefully prepared and organized
→elaborate designs/an elaborate computer system
laboratory-a room or building used for scientific research, experiments, testing, etc.
→laboratory experiments/tests
*labor-
1)work, especially physical work
→He was sentenced to two years in a labour camp (= a type of prison where people have to do hard physical work).
2)the people who work or are available for work in a country or company
→Employers are using immigrants as cheap labour.
3)the period of time or the process of giving birth to a baby
→Jane was in labour for ten hours.
*Sistine Chapel(Works by Michelangelo)-Adam and Eve
After being expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating the forbidden fruit,Adam and Eve must now labor through life – Adam in working the land and Eve in childbirth.
(Man- the breadwinner; Women-in labor)
●Lord's Prayer
●Pietà- a subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus, most often found in sculpture.
●Declaration of Independence-an assertion by a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state.Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state.
→the inalienable right to decide your own future
*alter-"change"
abolish-to officiallyend a law, a system or an institution
*endow
1)to give a large sum of money to a school, a college or another institution to provide it with an income
→In her will, she endowed a scholarship in the physics department.
2)be endowed with-to naturally have a particular feature, quality, etc.
→She was endowed with intelligence and wit.
●mani-:"hand"
manipulate-
1)to control or influence somebody/something, often in a dishonest way so that they do not realize it
→As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion.
2) to control or use something in a skilful way
→Computers are very efficient at manipulating information.
manicure- the care and treatment of a person’s hands and nails
●pan-:"all"
pandemic-(of a disease) that spreads over a whole country or the whole world
panorama-a view of a wide area of land;a description, study or set of pictures that presents all the different aspects or stages of a particular subject, event, etc.
→a panorama of rural life since the Middle Ages
pantheism-the belief that God is present in all natural things
●prime-"first in order"
primer-a book that contains basic instructions
→The President doesn't need a primer on national security.
primeval-
1)from the earliest period of the history of the world, very ancient
→primeval soup (= the mixture of gases and substances that is thought to have existed when the earth was formed and from which life started)
2)(of a feeling, or a desire) very strong and not based on reason, as if from the earliest period of human life
→primeval urges
prime minister
●vir-;ver-:"true"
virtual
1)almost or very nearly the thing described, so that any slight difference is not important
→The country was sliding into a state of virtual civil war.
2)made to appear to exist by the use of computer software, for example on the Internet
→New technology has enabled development of an online ‘virtual library’.
verify-to show or say that something is true or accurate
→Please verify that there is sufficient memory available before loading the program.
verdict-(dic-:to say,tell;words)
1)a decision that is made by a jury in court, stating if somebody is considered guilty of a crime or not
→Q:Has the jury reached a verdict? A:We found the defendant not guilty.
2)a decision that you make or an opinion that you give about something, after you have tested it or considered it carefully
→The coroner recorded a verdict of accidental death.
→The panel will give their verdict on the latest video releases.
*the defendant-the person in a trial who is accused of committing a crime, or who is being sued by another person VS the victim
*DA-District Attorney-in many jurisdictions in the United States, represents the government in the prosecution of criminal offenses.The district attorney is an elected or appointed official and is the highest officeholder in the legal department of the jurisdiction (which is usually a County within the United States).
attorney-a lawyer, especially one who can act for somebody in court;a person who is given the power to act on behalf of another in business or legal matters
→She was made her father's attorney when he became ill.
●The Wonderful Wizard of Oz- a children's novel written by L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow.The story chronicles the adventures of a young girl named Dorothy Gale in the Land of Oz, after being swept away from her Kansas farm home in a cyclone.
characters:
>>cowardly lion
Since lions are supposed to be "The Kings of Beasts," the Cowardly Lion believes that his fear makes him inadequate. He does not understand that courage means acting in the face of fear, which he does frequently.
>>scarecrow
The Scarecrow reveals that he lacks a brain and desires above all else to have one. In reality, he is only two days old and merely ignorant.
>>Tin woodman
His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow's desire for brains, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions.
